Post-prandial acetylcholine levels in the hippocampus rise with each meal in a staircase pattern, ending higher than baseline at the start of the meal. Elevated post-meal acetylcholine in the hippocampus is thought to help animals remember the meal and its location so they can return to the food source.
functional interpretation is the lab's hypothesis
In an early-life excessive sugar rat model, the gut microbiome was completely different from controls, visible via principal coordinate analysis of bacterial population patterns. The microbiome difference could stem from the sugar itself or from those animals getting less fiber and fewer nutrients from chow because sugar displaced calories. The bacterial population Parabacteroides was elevated about twofold in the sugar group and was negatively correlated with memory performance.
correlational; cause of microbiome shift unresolved
Jared Rutter explains that mitochondria have their own separate circular genome, a relic of the bacterium they descended from, unlike the linear nuclear chromosomes. He states that mitochondria are inherited completely from the mother via the egg, because the sperm's cytoplasm does not enter the egg, and that this has interesting implications for the inheritance of mitochondrial diseases. He also describes how mitochondria propagate from the fertilized egg, get distributed to all cells including the germline, and are passed on the same way.
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Jared Rutter explains that the metabolism of the body is the sum total of the metabolism of each of its roughly 30 trillion cells. Individual cells choose which nutrients to take up, how to process them, turn them into other things, and use them to fulfill their functions, and coordination of metabolism across the body happens at the level of individual cells.
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Insulin tells the body it just ate and is good — take the energy available as glucose, squirrel it away, use it. Glucagon is called a fasting hormone and does the opposite of insulin; it has become more popular recently because it is now being combined in some drugs. Glucagon goes to the fat cell, binds to it, and tells it to release the fat it has stored so it can go to other cells like the heart.
Dr. Jared Rutter explains that intestinal stem cells — the factory enabling repopulation of the gut lining every week — instead of burning pyruvate, turn it and other glycolytic intermediates into biomass: the stuff that enables one cell to duplicate itself.
Checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1, PD-L1) are among the most exciting cancer therapy developments of the last 10-15 years; they remove cancer cells' cloak so the immune system can see and eliminate them. They have produced amazing responses but do not treat every cancer to the same degree.
effectiveness varies across cancer types
Jared Rutter explains that the mitochondrial genome codes important proteins enabling extraction of usable energy from food, and that mitochondria convert that energy into ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the energy currency used by almost every cell in the body — the basis for calling mitochondria the powerhouse of the cell.
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Dr. Jared Rutter explains that cardiomyocytes love to take pyruvate into mitochondria and burn it — extracting everything they can from the circulation to make ATP and keep the heart pumping. Other cells don't burn pyruvate because they don't need as much ATP.
Dr. Jared Rutter explains that when adipocytes (fat cells) see insulin, they turn on production of a protein that causes glucose to be taken up into the fat cell. That glucose is then converted through a series of chemical reactions into a fat molecule, which is stored in a way that is very safe and can be stored for potentially a very long time.
Jared Rutter explains that mitochondria are believed to have originated when a free-living bacterium was engulfed by another cell and domesticated, and that this partnership likely was beneficial rather than a takeover. He notes we have no record of exactly what happened in real time or who benefited.
framed as widely believed; Rutter notes the historical record is incomplete
Dr. Jared Rutter explains that FDG PET (fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography) gives cells a labeled form of glucose that can be visualized with a PET scan, showing where in the body cells are taking up a lot of glucose. Because tumors take up a lot of glucose, FDG PET is used to diagnose cancer frequently and very effectively.
Jesse advises finding the thing that works for you, but also works to keep you at your goals.
At the cellular and subcellular level, the allocation of energy is the difference between life and death. When thinking about life, evolution, propagation of species, and health versus pathology, it is all about energy — how energy is devoted. The resource allocation decision appears to be a critical balance between making more biomass (more of self) and using energy to be self, rather than a fan-out of many different options.
Huberman advises that women should fully expect certain supplements to have different or even opposite effects at different phases of the menstrual cycle, and believes it is especially important for women to have tight control over dosage and individual ingredients in their supplement regimen.
Consequential creator advice requires independent verification before Today can promote it.
Huberman suggests trying magnesium threonate for a week, then switching to only apigenin for a week, and evaluating which one works better for you.
Huberman advises that women should fully expect that certain supplements will have different, maybe even opposite, effects at different phases of the menstrual cycle, and that it is especially important for women to have tight control over dosage and individual ingredients in a supplement regimen.
Consequential creator advice requires independent verification before Today can promote it.
Huberman states that a broad-spectrum supplement with many ingredients is the best route to ensuring foundational supplementation is covered, and that a broad-spectrum foundational supplement should be the starting place for any and all supplementation regimens.
The host endorses using a CGM for a couple weeks to see how you react to different foods, post-exercise, and post-poor sleep; but walking around neurotically worried about eating a grape because of a glucose spike is an overreaction, since the body can manage these things. He also notes physicians were initially resistant to CGMs, worrying people would obsess over glucose spikes without diabetes or prediabetes, but after a couple years there is not much pushback anymore. A patient could also figure out they can eat junk food that puts their ApoB through the roof and think it's okay because it's not showing up on their CGM.
Consequential creator advice requires independent verification before Today can promote it.
Dr. Thompson recommends combining procedures with drugs — e.g., doing an endoscopic procedure like tightening the stomach and then giving a drug — to see if more weight loss is achieved or a lower dose suffices.
Consequential creator advice requires independent verification before Today can promote it.
Upon waking, before anything else, drink 16 to 20 ounces of water. This single, timed action is directly instructed by the creator with no missing details.
Take a methylated B vitamin complex daily if you have the MTHFR mutation.
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