Glycolysis converts glucose to pyruvate
When glucose enters a cell, it goes through a series of chemical reactions called glycolysis, ending in pyruvate.
Results
WHY · 797 of 37261 results · Fuel
Huberman's alpha-GPC routine: 300 mg before cognitive work or workouts
Huberman routinely takes 300 milligrams of alpha-GPC prior to cognitive work or a workout, often combining it with caffeine in the form of a cup of coffee or yerba mate, not capsules or pills.
The 1930s London origin of the incretin concept
Dr. Thompson recounts that the incretin concept first came about in the 1930s in London, where researchers ground up animal duodenums, emulsified them, and injected them back into the animal's vascular system. Reasoning that if the duodenum secretes secretin it might secrete something else, they observed blood glucose fall and named the substance incretin.
Provenance flagged as possible numeric error on the date.
Dr. Thompson's supplement guidance: only if deficient, plus omega-3 basics
Dr. Thompson advises that supplements are generally not worth taking unless you are deficient for most things. For omega-3s, intake should target getting your daily allowance; vegetarians can get omega-3s from algae at the original source, since fish are just consolidated algae that concentrate omega-3s originating from algae. Omega-3s can also be obtained in supplement form.
Get your stool tested to learn about your microbiome
Dr. Sara Gottfried recommends getting your stool tested to learn about your microbiome.
Subtle preclinical thyroid dysfunction can contribute to constipation; get a colonoscopy to determine if you have a tortuous colon
Dr. Sara Gottfried notes that subtle preclinical thyroid dysfunction contributes to constipation in many women, and that the way you know whether you have a tortuous colon is you get a colonoscopy.
Pay attention to constipation as a signal, and focus on lowering perceived stress rather than stress itself
Dr. Sara Gottfried says constipation is a really important signal to pay a lot of attention to, because it may reflect stress, control, and restraint physiology. She is not a fan of lowering stress; she is a fan of lowering perceived stress.
partial
Do micronutrient testing using a combination of blood and urine
Dr. Sara Gottfried describes her usual approach to micronutrient testing as a combination of blood and urine.
Target nutrition toward magnesium-containing foods and/or supplement with magnesium if deficient
Andrew Huberman suggests targeting nutrition toward foods that contain magnesium and/or supplementing with magnesium if deficient.
In your teenage years, look at cortisol rather than the estrogen-progesterone dance
Dr. Sara Gottfried says in your teenage years it is interesting to look at cortisol rather than the estrogen-progesterone dance because the system is immature and highly variable.
If a teenager has really regular periods, do some hormone benchmarking at that age
Dr. Sara Gottfried says if a teenager has really regular periods, it is probably better to do some hormone benchmarking at that age.
partial
Huberman recommends replenishing the gut microbiome after antibiotics, e.g., with yogurt
Andrew Huberman suggests that if you take antibiotics, you need to replenish the gut microbiome — for example by eating yogurt.
offered as a general suggestion
Foundational supplements establish a baseline for health and performance
Foundational supplements are designed to establish a foundation or provide insurance along with nutritional intake to ensure a basic level of mental health, physical health, and opportunity for optimal performance. The category has expanded over the last decade to include vitamins and minerals plus digestive enzymes, probiotics, prebiotics, and adaptogens.
Biggest Loser follow-up: contestants burned 500 fewer calories per day
Per an NIH follow-up study, the Biggest Loser contestants were burning 500 fewer calories per day after the show.
Increased gut permeability is real, but 'leaky gut' carries misleading connotations
Dr. Thompson endorses that increased gut permeability is 100% real, but explains the phrase 'leaky gut' irritates the medical community because it could connote that the gut causes a constellation of symptoms like irritable bowel or Alzheimer's based on lay literature associations that may not match the technical phenomenon. The host notes many physicians react dismissively to the phrase online, similar to reactions to chronic fatigue syndrome. Tight junctions' goal is to keep stuff inside the gut and not let bacteria out; bacteria circulating where they shouldn't be raises inflammation and is not good for the body. Villi are finger-like protrusions that sense things and collect nutrients.
Surgical views are grayer than textbooks suggest; endoscopic ultrasound is all shades of gray
Physicians think they're looking at a medical textbook with color, but tissue actually appears in black and white, gray, and beige, with only certain contrasty structures looking different. Endoscopic ultrasound images are all gray — just different shades of gray — though you can turn on a button to see if there's blood flow.
GLP-1 drugs counter only part of the body's weight-defense response
Dr. Thompson explains that GLP-1 drugs help fight part of the body's weight-defense countermeasures by replacing GLP-1, but do not address ghrelin or other factors.
One-time injections may replace daily drugs; potential for hyperphagia conditions
The host speculates that one-time injections that permanently alter physiology (e.g., permanently lowering LDL, chronically elevating GLP-1) may replace daily drug taking; he also notes that traditional GLP-1 drugs may not work well for hyperphagia conditions like Prader-Willi syndrome, where kids can't stop eating due to lack of hypothalamic signals, and the gene therapy could be amazing there.
hypothetical
GLP-1 drugs helped many but had side effects; retatrutide may improve on them
The host describes that drugs like Ozempic and Mounjaro blasted GLP-1 through the roof, helped a lot of people who needed help, but had a lot of side effect issues; retatrutide increases GLP-1, bumps up the GIP system a nudge or two, and bumps up the glucagon system, producing much better effect, muscle sparing, and better weight loss.
Colonoscopy is not a great screening tool; genetic tests like Cologuard will keep improving
Dr. Chris Thompson argues that colonoscopy is not a great way to do screening — you shouldn't have to have a relatively invasive procedure to be screened for something; it should be a blood test or stool study. He expects things like Cologuard and other genetic tests to keep getting better and help, because you don't have to have a very uncomfortable screening procedure.
Protocols you can run
WHY · 2 of 61 published protocols · Fuel
Morning Hydration Protocol
Upon waking, before anything else, drink 16 to 20 ounces of water. This single, timed action is directly instructed by the creator with no missing details.
Take Daily Targeted Supplements
Take a methylated B vitamin complex daily if you have the MTHFR mutation.
Source analyses
WHY · 11 of 696 current source analyses · Fuel
People worth following for this
The creators behind most of what cleared in Fuel.
WHY · 3 creators you don't follow account for 797 cleared insights · Fuel
- Andrew Huberman
698 cleared insights match
- ATHLEAN-X™
77 cleared insights match
- Brian Lagerstrom
22 cleared insights match
Choose sources → to get a library of your own and a daily brief.